The third national flag of the Confederate States of America.' The Blood-Stained Banner'National flagProportion2:3AdoptedMarch 4, 1865DesignA white rectangle, one-and-a-half times as wide as it is tall, a red vertical stripe on the far right of the rectangle, a red quadrilateral in the canton, inside the canton is a blue saltire with white outlining, with thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size inside the saltire.Designed byArthur L. RogersThree successive designs served as the official national flag of the Confederate States of America (the 'Confederate States' or the 'Confederacy') during its existence from 1861 to 1865.Since the end of the, private and official use of the 's flags, and of flags with derivative designs, has continued amid philosophical, political, cultural, and racial controversy in the. These include flags displayed in states; cities, towns and counties; schools, colleges and universities; private organizations and associations; and by individuals.The features the Confederate army's battle flag in the, or upper left corner, the only current U.S. State flag to do so.

A term describing the Confederate Flag. Usually seen at tractor pulls, on the front of Semi Tractors and in the rear window of Dodge pick up trucks that have no. Stars and Bars definition is - the first flag of the Confederate States of America having three bars of red, white, and red respectively and a blue union with white stars in a circle representing the seceded states.

The is very similar to the first national flag of the Confederacy, the 'Stars and Bars'; a prior design incorporating the Confederate battle flag was in use from 1956 until 2001. First national flag with 13 stars(December 10, 1861 – May 1, 1863)The first official national flag of the Confederacy, often called the Stars and Bars, flew from March 4, 1861, to May 1, 1863. It was designed by German/ artist in, and resembled the, with which Marschall would have been familiar. The 'Stars and Bars' flag was adopted March 4, 1861, in the first temporary national capital of, and raised over the dome of that first Confederate capitol. Marschall also designed the.A monument in, claims the 'Stars and Bars' 'was designed by a son of North Carolina / Orren Randolph Smith / and made under his direction by / Catherine Rebecca (Murphy) Winborne. / Forwarded to Montgomery, Ala.

Feb 12, 1861, / Adopted by the Provisional Congress March 4, 1861'. A Confederate 'Stars and Bars' flag, captured by soldiers of the Union Army at Columbia, South Carolina.One of the first acts of the was to create the Committee on the Flag and Seal, chaired by, a congressman and from. The committee asked the public to submit thoughts and ideas on the topic and was, as historian John M. Coski puts it, 'overwhelmed by requests not to abandon the 'old flag' of the United States.' Miles had already designed a flag that later became known as the Confederate, and he favored his flag over the '//Stars and Bars//' proposal. But given the popular support for a flag similar to the U.S.

Flag (' – originally established and designed in June 1777 during the ), the 'Stars and Bars' design was approved by the committee.When the American Civil War broke out, the 'Stars and Bars' caused confusion on the battlefield at the because of its similarity to the U.S. Flag, especially when it was hanging limp, down on the flagstaff. The 'Stars and Bars' was also criticized on ideological grounds for its resemblance to the U.S. Many Confederates disliked the Stars and Bars, seeing it as symbolic of a centralized federal power the Confederate states were seceding from. As early as April 1861, a month after the flag's adoption, some were already criticizing the flag, calling it a 'servile imitation' and a 'detested parody' of the U.S. In January 1862, writing for the, wrote that many Confederates disliked the flag.

'Every body wants a new Confederate flag,' Bagby wrote. 'The present one is universally hated.

It resembles the and that is enough to make it unutterably detestable.' The editor of the expressed a similar view: 'It seems to be generally agreed that the 'Stars and Bars' will never do for us. They resemble too closely the dishonored ' we imagine that the ' will become the Southern Flag by popular acclaim.' , the editor of the Savannah-based also objected to the flag, due to its aesthetic similarity to the U.S. Flag, which for some Confederates had negative associations with emancipation and abolitionism. Thompson stated in April 1863 that he disliked the adopted flag 'on account of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are fighting.'

Over the course of the flag's use by the Confederacy, additional stars were added to the flag's canton, eventually bringing the total number of stars on the flag to thirteen. This reflected the Confederacy's claims of having admitted and into the Confederacy. Although they were represented in the Confederate Congress for the duration of its meetings, and had shadow governments made up of deposed former state politicians, neither state was ever fully controlled or administered by the Confederacy. The first showing of the 13-star flag was outside the in; the 13-star design was also in use as the Confederate navy's battle.Second flag: the 'Stainless Banner' (1863–1865). Third national flag as commonly manufactured, with a square cantonThe third national flag (also called the 'Blood-Stained Banner') was adopted March 4, 1865. The red vertical bar was proposed by Major Arthur L. Rogers, who argued that the pure white field of the Second National flag could be mistaken as a flag of truce: when hanging limp in no wind, the flag's 'Southern Cross' canton could accidentally stay hidden, so the flag could mistakenly appear all white.Rogers lobbied successfully to have this alteration introduced in the Confederate Senate.

Reunion in New Orleans, 1903At the, near, the similarity between the and the caused confusion and military problems. Regiments carried flags to help commanders observe and assess battles in the warfare of the era. At a distance, the two national flags were hard to tell apart. In addition, Confederate regiments carried many other flags, which added to the possibility of confusion.After the battle, General wrote that he was 'resolved then to have our flag changed if possible, or to adopt for my command a 'Battle flag', which would be Entirely different from any State or Federal flag.' He turned to his aide, who happened to be, the former chairman of the Confederate Congress's Committee on the Flag and Seal. Miles described his rejected national flag design to Beauregard. Miles also told the Committee on the Flag and Seal about the general's complaints and request that the national flag be changed.

The committee rejected the idea by a four-to-one vote, after which Beauregard proposed the idea of having two flags. He described the idea in a letter to his commanding General: 'I wrote to Miles that we should have 'two' flags—a 'peace' or parade flag, and a 'war' flag to be used only on the field of battle—but congress having adjourned no action will be taken on the matter—How would it do us to address the War Dept. On the subject of Regimental or badge flags made of red with two blue bars crossing each other diagonally on which shall be introduced the stars. We would then on the field of battle know our friends from our Enemies.' The flag that Miles had favored when he was chairman of the 'Committee on the Flag and Seal' eventually became the battle flag and, ultimately, the most popular flag of the Confederacy. According to Museum of the Confederacy Director John Coski, Miles' design was inspired by one of the many 'secessionist flags' flown at the in of December 1860.

That flag was a blue (an upright or Latin cross) on a red field, with 15 white stars on the cross, representing the slaveholding states, and, on the red field, palmetto and crescent symbols. Miles received a variety of feedback on this design, including a critique from Charles Moise, a self-described 'Southerner of Jewish persuasion.' Moise liked the design but asked that '.the symbol of a particular religion not be made the symbol of the nation.' Taking this into account, Miles changed his flag, removing the palmetto and crescent, and substituting a heraldic ('X') for the upright cross. The number of stars was changed several times as well. He described these changes and his reasons for making them in early 1861.

The diagonal cross was preferable, he wrote, because 'it avoided the religious objection about the cross (from the Jews and many Protestant sects), because it did not stand out so conspicuously as if the cross had been placed upright thus.' He also argued that the diagonal cross was 'more Heraldric than Ecclesiastical, it being the 'saltire' of Heraldry, and significant of strength and progress.' According to Coski, the Saint Andrew's Cross (also used on the as a white saltire on a blue field) had no special place in Southern iconography at the time, and if Miles had not been eager to conciliate the Southern Jews, his flag would have used the traditional upright ' (as used on the, a red cross on a white field). A colonel named James B.

Walton submitted a battle flag design essentially identical to Miles' except with an upright Saint George's cross, but Beauregard chose the diagonal cross design.Miles' flag and all the flag designs up to that point were rectangular ('oblong') in shape. General Johnston suggested making it square to conserve material.

Johnston also specified the various sizes to be used by different types of military units. Generals Beauregard and Johnston and Quartermaster General Cabell approved the design of the 12-star Confederate Battle Flag at the Ratcliffe home, which served briefly as Beauregard's headquarters, near in September 1861. The 12th star represented Missouri.

President Jefferson Davis arrived by train at soon after and was shown the design for the new battle flag at the Ratcliffe House. And her sister and made prototypes. One such 12-star flag resides in the collection of Richmond's and the other is in the in.On November 28, 1861, Confederate soldiers in General 's newly reorganized received the new battle flags in ceremonies at and, and carried them throughout the Civil War. Beauregard gave a speech encouraging the soldiers to treat the new flag with honor and that it must never be surrendered. Many soldiers wrote home about the ceremony and the impression the flag had upon them, the 'fighting colors' boosting morale after the confusion at the.

From then on, the battle flag grew in its identification with the and the South in general. The flag's stars represented the number of states in the Confederacy. The distance between the stars decreased as the number of states increased, reaching thirteen when the secessionist factions of and joined in late 1861.The Army of Northern Virginia battle flag assumed a prominent place post-war when it was adopted as the copyrighted emblem of the United Confederate Veterans. Its continued use by the Southern Army's post-war veterans groups, the (U.C.V.) and the later, (S.C.V.), and elements of the design by related similar female descendants organizations of the, (U.D.C.), led to the assumption that it was, as it has been termed, 'the soldier's flag' or 'the Confederate battle flag'.The square 'battle flag' is also properly known as 'the flag of the '. It was sometimes called 'Beauregard's flag' or 'the Virginia battle flag'.

A marker declaring as the birthplace of the Confederate battle flag was dedicated on April 12, 2008, near the intersection of Main and Oak Streets, in Fairfax, Virginia. Naval jacks and ensigns The fledgling adopted and used several types of flags, banners, and pennants aboard all CSN ships:, battle, and small boat ensigns, as well as commissioning pennants, designating flags, and signal flags. The First Confederate Navy, in use from 1861 to 1863, consisted of a circle of seven to fifteen five-pointed white stars against a field of 'medium blue.' It was flown forward aboard all Confederate warships while they were anchored in port. One seven-star jack still exists today (found aboard the captured ironclad ) that is actually 'dark blue' in color (see illustration below, left).The Second Confederate Navy Jack was a rectangular cousin of the Confederate Army's battle flag and was in use from 1863 until 1865. It existed in a variety of dimensions and sizes, despite the CSN's detailed naval regulations. The blue color of the diagonal saltire's 'Southern Cross' was much lighter than the dark blue of the battle flag.

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Confederate naval flag, captured when General took, Georgia, 1864The first national flag, also known as the Stars and Bars (see above), served from 1861 to 1863 as the Confederate Navy's first battle ensign. It was generally made with an aspect ratio of 2:3, but a few very wide 1:2 ratio ensigns still survive today in museums and private collections. As the Confederacy grew, so did the numbers of white stars seen on the ensign's dark blue canton: seven-, nine-, eleven-, and thirteen-star groupings were typical.

Even a few fourteen- and fifteen-starred ensigns were made to include states that were expected to secede but never completely joined the Confederacy. The second national flag was later adapted as a, using a shorter 2:3 ratio than the 1:2 ratio adopted by the Confederate Congress for the national flag. This particular battle ensign was the only example taken around the world, finally becoming the last Confederate flag lowered in the Civil War; this happened aboard in Liverpool, England on November 7, 1865.Controversy. An elongated (2:1 aspect ratio) version of the Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia, and similar to The Second Confederate Navy Jack, in use from 1863 until 1865, although with the darker blue field of the Army's battle flag.Despite never having historically represented the Confederate States of America as a country, nor having been officially recognized as one of its national flags, the rectangular Second Confederate Navy Jack and the Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia are now flag types commonly referred to as the Confederate Flag.

Both have become a widely recognized symbol of the. It is also known as the rebel flag, flag, and Southern cross and is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Stars and Bars. The actual 'Stars and Bars' is the first national flag, which used, and was in use by the Confederacy until mid-1863.As of the early 21st century, the 'rebel flag' has become a highly divisive and polarizing symbol in the United States. Gallery., editor of Savannah's Daily Morning News, used a different nickname for the flag, calling it 'The White Man's Flag,' saying that the flag's white field symbolized the 'supremacy of the white man.'

But it was a nickname that never gained traction with the public. Although the officially specified proportions were 1:2, many of the flags that actually ended up being produced used a 1.5:1 aspect ratio. Although the officially designated design specified a rectangular canton, many of the flags that ended up being produced utilized a square-shaped canton.References.

^, pp. 414–417. ^, pp. 523–525. ^ Coski, John M. (May 13, 2013).

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The New York Times. New York: The New York Times Company. Archived from on January 27, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014. A handful of contemporaries linked the new flag design to the 'peculiar institution' that was at the heart of the South's economy, social system and polity: slavery.

Bagby characterized the flag motif as the 'Southern Cross' – the constellation, not a religious symbol – and hailed it for pointing 'the destiny of the Southern master and his African slave' southward to 'the banks of the Amazon,' a reference to the desire among many Southerners to expand Confederate territory into Latin America. In contrast, the editor of the Savannah, Ga., Morning News focused on the white field on which the Southern Cross was emblazoned. 'As a people, we are fighting to maintain the heaven-ordained supremacy of the white man over the inferior or colored races. A White Flag would be thus emblematical of our cause.' He dubbed the new flag 'the White Man's Flag,' a sobriquet that never gained traction. ^ Thompson, William T.

(April 23, 1863). Savannah, Georgia. ^ Thompson, William T. (April 28, 1863). Savannah, Georgia.

^ Thompson, William T. (May 4, 1863). Savannah, Georgia.

^; Sebesta, Edward H. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. Archived from on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.

Confederates even showed their preoccupation with race in their flag. Civil War buffs know that 'the Confederate flag' waved today was never the official flag of the Confederate States of America. Rather, it was the flag of the Army of Northern Virginia. During the war, the Confederacy adopted three official flags. The first, sometimes called 'the Stars and Bars,' drew many objections 'on account of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are fighting,' in the words of the editor of the Savannah Morning News, quoted herein. ^ Kim, Kyle; Krishnakumar, Priya. Los Angeles Times (June 23, 2015).

Archived from on July 12, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2015. ^ Wood, Marie Stevens Walker (1957).

Retrieved September 1, 2015. This design was suggested by William T.

Thompson, editor of the Savannah (Ga.) Morning News, who, in an editorial published April 23, 1863, stated that through this design could be attained all the. ^ Allen, Frederick (May 25, 1996). Retrieved September 1, 2015.

By modern standards, the greatest flaw of the 'Stainless Banner' was its other popular nickname, bestowed by William T. Thompson, editor of the Savannah Daily Morning News, who called it 'the White Man's Flag' and argued that it represented 'the cause of a superior race and a higher civilization contending against ignorance, infidelity, and barbarism' – a bit of racist rhetoric that is plainly unacceptable in current public discourse. ^. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009.

Retrieved October 24, 2005. CS1 maint: unfit url. ^. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009.

Retrieved July 29, 2007. CS1 maint: unfit url. ^, pp. 17–18. ^.

Retrieved October 7, 2014. The Encyclopedia of Alabama. April 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011. The flag does resemble that of the European nation of Austria, which as a artist, Marschall would have known well. ^ Hume, Edgar Erskine (August 1940).

The American-German Review. Retrieved June 26, 2015. Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina.,., pp. 4–5.

^, p. 8. Civil War Trust. Retrieved February 23, 2016. Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery—the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun.

These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution, and was at the point of reaching its consummation.

There was no choice left us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin. That we do not overstate the dangers to our institution, a reference to a few facts will sufficiently prove. Coski, John M. (May 13, 2013). The New York Times. New York: The New York Times Company. Archived from on January 27, 2014.

Retrieved January 27, 2014. 'Every body wants a new Confederate flag,' wrote George Bagby, editor of The Southern Literary Messenger, in January 1862.

'The present one is universally hated. It resembles the Yankee flag and that is enough to make it unutterably detestable.' The editor of the 'Charleston Mercury' echoed Bagby in his criticism and in his solution: 'It seems to be generally agreed that the 'Stars and Bars' will never do for us. They resemble too closely the dishonored Flag of Yankee Doodle we imagine that the Battle Flag will become the Southern Flag by popular acclaim.' As early as April 1861, critics denounced the Stars and Bars as a 'servile imitation' and a 'detested parody' of the Stars and Stripes.

Harv error: no target: CITEREFCoskiTheSecondConfederateNationalFlag,FlagsoftheConfederacy. Bonner, Robert E., 'Flag Culture and the Consolidation of Confederate Nationalism.' Journal of Southern History, Vol. 2 (May 2002), 318–319. John M. Coski, The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem (2005), p.

Major-General Edward D. Townsend, Saving the Union: My Days with Lincoln and Stanton (Annotated). William Parker Snow, Lee and His Generals (1867), p.260. 'Gen. Beauregard suggested the flag just adopted, or else a field of blue in place of the white.' -'Letter from Richmond' by the Richmond correspondent of the Charleston Mercury, May 5, 1863, p.1, c.1.

John M. Coski, 'The Birth of the Stainless Banner,' New York Times Opinionator, (May 13, 2013). 'Some congressmen and newspaper editors favored making the Army of Northern Virginia battle flag (in a rectangular shape) itself the new national flag. But Beauregard and others felt the nation needed its own distinctive symbol, and so recommended that the Southern Cross be emblazoned in the corner of a white field.' Michael Martinez, William D. Richardson, Ron McNinch-Su, eds., Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South, University Press of Florida (2000), p.98.

Letter of Beauregard to Villere (April 24, 1863), Daily Dispatch (Richmond, VA), May 13, 1863., pp. 16–17. Journal of the Confederate Congress, Volume 6, p.477. Richmond Whig, May 5, 1863., p. 18. John D. Wright, The Language of the Civil War, p.284; John M. Coski, The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem (2005), p. 17., Volume 11, Number 2, Page 30, Retrieved April 16, 2010, July 14, 2011, at the.

Gevinson, Alan. Retrieved October 8, 2011. Coski, John M. Harvard University Press.

Retrieved November 24, 2016., p. 5., p. 5: 'describes the 15 stars and the debate on religious symbolism.' ., pp. 6–8., p. 10., p. 11. The Historical Marker Database.

(PDF). Notes on Virginia. Virginia Department of Historic Resources (52): 71. B-261: Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag. Retrieved October 5, 2014.

^ Loeser, Pete. Historical Flags of Our Ancestors. Retrieved July 22, 2019. Chapman, Roger (2011). Retrieved February 21, 2013. Leonard, Ian (June 21, 2015).

Retrieved July 19, 2015., pp. 58. The Associated Press (July 10, 2015). Oregon Live.Bibliography aboutFlags of the Confederate States of America. Bonner, Robert.

Colors and Blood: Flag Passions of the Confederate South. Princeton University Press, 2002. Coski, John M. United States of America: First Harvard University Press. Katcher, Phillip and Scollins, Rick. Flags of the American Civil War 1: Confederate. (Osprey Men-At-War Series), Osprey Publishing Company, 1993.

Madaus, H. Rebel Flags Afloat: A Survey of the Surviving Flags of the Confederate States Navy, Revenue Service, and Merchant Marine., 1986, Winchester, MA. (Eighty-page, all Confederate naval flags issue of 'The Flag Bulletin,' magazine #115.). Marcovitz, Hal. The Confederate Flag, American Symbols and Their Meanings. Mason Crest Publishers, 2002.

Martinez, James Michael; Richardson, William Donald; McNinch-Su, Ron (2000). Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Pp. 284–285. (1872). Albany: Joel Munsell.

As a people we are fighting to. (1880). (2nd revised ed.). Williams and Company. William Ross Postell Flag. Silkenat, David.

Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019.Further reading. 50 Facts You May Not Know About the Confederate Flag, by J. Manchester, Starling and Black Publications,External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. at. Explanatory video.